Anunnaki

The Anunnaki (Sumerian: 𒀭𒀀𒉣𒈾; also transcribed Anunaki, Annunaki, Anunna, Ananaki) are a group of deities of the ancient Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, and Babylonians, first attested in cuneiform inscriptions from the reign of Gudea (c. 2144–2124 BCE) and the Third Dynasty of Ur, in which they appear as the most powerful gods of the Sumerian pantheon and the descendants of the sky-god An and the earth-goddess Ki whose primary function was to decree the fates of humanity. The oldest member of the group is Enlil, the god of air and chief of the pantheon, and the "seven gods who decree" — An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna — were likely the core of the earliest Anunnaki. The name, rendered in Sumerian as "*d*a-nun-na" or "da-nun-na-keTemplate:Sub-ne", probably means "princely offspring" or "seed of princes" and entered Akkadian as the loanword anunnak(k)u.

In a separate tradition developed by Zecharia Sitchin from 1976 and extended by subsequent exopolitics contactees, the Anunnaki are reinterpreted as an advanced humanoid extraterrestrial species that allegedly arrived in Earth's solar system roughly 450,000 years ago — reportedly from the undiscovered planet Nibiru in Sitchin's version, or from the Sirius B system (where they reportedly call themselves Taku) in the framework of Elena Danaan. In these accounts they allegedly settled Earth to mine gold, genetically engineered Homo sapiens as a workforce, and ruled as the gods of ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt. Academic Assyriology universally rejects Sitchin's translations as pseudoarchaeology. In the modern giants synthesis they are counted among the humanoid giants. See Anakh for the earlier Boötes-period history of the Anunnaki culture in the exopolitics tradition.

In Mesopotamian mythology

Etymology and earliest attestations

In Sumerian, the group-name is variously written "da-nun-na", "da-nun-na-keTemplate:Sub-ne", and related variants, plausibly meaning "princely offspring" or "offspring/progeny/seed of princes". The likely pronunciation anunak was borrowed into Akkadian as the loanword anunnak(k)u; the commonly used English form Anunnaki is the genitive plural of the Akkadian noun, so its use as a proper noun is technically irregular. Despite the folk etymology, there is no etymological connection to the sky-god An. Samuel Noah Kramer identifies Ki, the mother of the Anunnaki, with the mother-goddess Ninhursag, stating the two were originally the same figure. The Sumerians believed that, until Enlil was born, heaven and earth were inseparable; Enlil then split them, carrying away the earth while An carried away the sky.

Worship and iconography

The Anunnaki are chiefly mentioned in literary texts, and little archaeological evidence of any collective cult has been unearthed — likely because each member had an individual cult of their own. No representations of the Anunnaki as a complete group are known, though depictions of two or three individual members together have been identified. Mesopotamian deities were almost exclusively anthropomorphic, envisioned as possessing extraordinary powers and tremendous physical size, and typically depicted in horned caps of up to seven superimposed pairs of ox-horns. They were thought to wear melam, an ambiguous substance covering them in "terrifying splendor", the physical effect of which on humans was ni, a word for tingling of the flesh. A deity's temple was considered the god's literal residence and the cult statue the god's physical embodiment; priests clothed the statues and set feasts before them, and both barges and chariots were maintained to transport the statues during religious festivals and to battles. The Anunnaki, as the major deities of the pantheon, were believed to participate in the "assembly of the gods" — a divine counterpart to the semi-democratic system of the Third Dynasty of Ur.

Sumerian texts

In the earliest texts the term Anunnaki is applied to the most powerful and important deities of the pantheon — the descendants of An. No complete list of Anunnaki names survives; Sumerian sources describe them inconsistently and do not agree on how many there were or on their exact function. Originally they appear to have been heavenly deities with immense powers. In the poem Enki and the World Order, the Anunnaki do homage to Enki, sing hymns of praise, and take up dwellings among the people of Sumer; the composition twice states that the Anunnaki "decree the fates of mankind". One text mentions as many as fifty Anunnaki associated with the city of Eridu. In Inanna's Descent into the Underworld, only seven Anunnaki appear, residing within the Underworld as judges: Inanna stands trial before them for attempting to take over the Underworld, and they condemn her to death for hubris. Major deities were associated with specific celestial bodies — Inanna with Venus, Utu with the sun, Nanna with the moon, An with the equatorial sky, Enlil with the northern sky, and Enki with the southern sky.

Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian texts

Akkadian texts of the second millennium BCE continue the portrayal of the Anunnaki as chthonic Underworld deities. In the abbreviated Akkadian version of Inanna's Descent, Ereshkigal, queen of the Underworld, "drink[s] water with the Anunnaki" and orders her servant Namtar to fetch them from Egalgina, decorate the threshold with coral, and seat them on golden thrones. During the Old Babylonian period (c. 1830 – 1531 BCE) a second divine group, the Igigi, appears; the relationship between the two is unclear — sometimes used synonymously, sometimes clearly distinguished, as in The Poem of Erra. In the late Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic the Igigi are the sixth generation of gods, forced to perform labor for the Anunnaki; after forty days they rebel, and Enki (himself one of the Anunnaki) creates humans to replace them.

From the Middle Babylonian period (c. 1592 – 1155 BCE) onward, the name Anunnaki is applied generally to the deities of the underworld and Igigi to the heavenly deities, with Damkina, Nergal, and Madānu listed as the most powerful alongside Marduk, national god of Babylon. In the standard Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 1200 BCE), Utnapishtim, the immortal survivor of the Great Flood, describes the Anunnaki as seven judges of the Underworld who set the land aflame as the storm approaches; after the flood, Ishtar and the Anunnaki mourn over the destruction of humanity. In the Babylonian Enûma Eliš, Marduk assigns the Anunnaki their positions; a late Babylonian version mentions 600 Anunnaki of the underworld and 300 of heaven, indicating a complex underworld cosmology; in gratitude the "Great Gods" build Esagila, a temple dedicated to Marduk, Ea, and Ellil. In the eighth-century BCE Poem of Erra, the Anunnaki are described as brothers of Nergal and depicted as antagonistic toward humanity. A Neo-Assyrian text describes Marduk leading his Anunnaki army into Nippur, causing a disturbance and flood and ultimately a mythic trial before the Anunnaki themselves, ending with a plea from Damkianna (another name for Ninhursag) that the war between Anunnaki and the gods of Eshumesha never be repeated.

Hurrian and Hittite reception

In the mythologies of the Hurrians and Hittites (mid to late second millennium BCE), the oldest generation of gods was banished by the younger gods to the Underworld, where they were ruled by Lelwani; Hittite scribes identified these deities with the Anunnaki. In ancient Hurrian they are called karuileš šiuneš ("former ancient gods") or kattereš šiuneš ("gods of the earth"), and Hittite/Hurrian treaties were often sworn by them. In one myth the gods are threatened by the stone giant Ullikummi, and Ea (the later name for Enki) commands the Former Gods to find the weapon that had originally separated heaven from earth, which they use to cut off Ullikummi's feet. Although names vary across texts, the Hurrian/Hittite Anunnaki are always eight in number: one ritual lists them as Aduntarri, Zulki, Irpitia, Narā, Namšarā, Minki, Amunki, and Āpi. The old gods had no identifiable cult in Hurrio-Hittite religion; instead, worshippers sought to communicate with them via ritual sacrifice of a piglet in a pit dug in the ground, and often invoked them for ritual purifications. The Hittite banishment narrative is closely related to the Greek Hesiod's narration in the Theogony of the overthrow of the Titans by the Olympians, with the sky-god Ouranos derived from the Hittite version of An.

In the exopolitics tradition

The following sections summarise the Anunnaki as reinterpreted by Zecharia Sitchin and subsequent exopolitics contactees (notably Elena Danaan, Michael Tellinger, Anton Parks, Alex Collier, and Billy Carson). These accounts allegedly describe the Anunnaki as a physical extraterrestrial species and are presented here in the internal voice of that tradition; they are not supported by mainstream Assyriology, archaeology, or astronomy.

Naming history

The Anunnaki culture was originally called the Anakh (or Anakhim). According to Encyclopedia Galactica Volume I (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon via the GFW Excelsior database), Anu founded the culture 700,000 years ago in the Boötes constellation near Arcturus after migrating from a distant galaxy called Uraeia; they adopted the name Anunnaki only after Anu relocated his empire to the Sirius B system.

The etymology of the name varies by source:

• A Gift from the Stars (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon): Anunnaki means "human like" — a designation given by Orion Reptiloids because they "looked human but only in appearance" while their "genetics was predominant reptiloid."
• The Extraterrestrial Species Almanac (Campobasso; derived from Sumerian tradition): the name comes from "An, the Sumerian god of the sky."
• The Russian Alien Races Book uses the transliteration Anunakene.

Multi-strain physiology

The Anunnaki are not a single species but a multi-species imperial culture. Encyclopedia Galactica Volume I (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon via the GFW Excelsior database) describes them as "an amalgamation of several types" including "reptilian, human, and gray genomes," with Anu himself belonging to "a particular large human-gray species that is mammalian, with an elongated head."

This multi-strain nature explains why physical descriptions vary across compilations:

• A Gift from the Stars (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon): 2.5 m (8 ft), "a Reptoid cold blooded life-form," "no hair, white skin," reproducing by eggs — describing the reptiloid strain.
• Russian Alien Races Book (claimed Soviet intelligence provenance, unverified): 2.5 m, "from Nibiru, genetically engineered humans as slaves" — matching AGFTS on height, but note that Danaan used this book as her starting template.
• The Extraterrestrial Species Almanac (Campobasso; no specific contactee named for this entry — compiled from Sumerian/Sitchin tradition): "giants compared to man today, with olive complexions and dark eyes" whose "men wear their hair long in soft waves, with long beards curled in rows"[citation needed] — describing the human-looking strain encountered by ancient Sumerians.

All strains share elongated skulls as a common trait (A Gift from the Stars, sourced from Thor Han).

Alleged extraterrestrial origins

Anu migrated to the Milky Way from a distant galaxy called Uraeia through a natural portal ("Arakh") in the star of Arcturus, founding his first outpost in the Boötes constellation 700,000 years ago. He later relocated the empire's centre to Sirius B after a territorial deal with a local Draco reptilians queen. A complementary account describes the hybrid origin of the Anunnaki as tracing to a conflict resolution in the Sirius B system: tall gray humans there entered a hybridisation process with another group to end a conflict, and the resulting race — the Anunnaki — carries more human DNA than gray, leading them to self-identify as human. They are led by their king Anu, who divided responsibility for Earth and the solar system between his two sons Enki and Enlil.

Enlil (known as Yuh in the Anakh language) was born of Anu and a Draco reptilians queen named Tia from the Orion zone — a territorial marriage in which "Anu was required to marry Tia, and their firstborn would become the heir to the Anakh Empire in Nataru," displacing Anu's older son Ea. This gave Enlil a half-reptilian nature and aligned a faction of the Anunnaki with reptilian interests on Earth. The Anunnaki are not members of the Galactic Federation of Worlds.

Life extension and avatar technology

The royal caste — through what is described as an alchemical process called "immortality of the flesh" — allegedly develops a stable, non-decaying body that purportedly places them outside normal biological aging. Non-royal Anunnaki extend their lifespan using monoatomic gold and, at the end of their body's life, clone themselves and transfer their consciousness. When the Anunnaki first arrived on Earth they wore environmental suits described in ancient records as the garb of "fish people"; they subsequently created avatar bodies — biological suits into which their consciousness could transfer — to tolerate Earth's radiation, gravity, and electromagnetism. Campobasso notes their dimensional capacity extends "up to the sixth realm."

Arrival on Earth

According to A Gift from the Stars (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon), upon arriving on Earth the Anunnaki "overcame the Reptilian race that was in power" and became the new rulers, provoking other settled colonies; the displaced Reptilians "went underground, and those who couldn't escape, were called 'Igigi' ('watchers') by the Anunnaki and enslaved for 2500 years." The same source states that the Draco reptilians "had objected to the Anunnaki genetically modifying Terra's hominids to become more evolved Human."

The gold-mining project

The Anunnaki came to Earth approximately 450,000 years ago in search of gold — a date and motive attested across multiple compilations:

• A Gift from the Stars (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon): confirms the gold-mining framework and slave creation
• The Extraterrestrial Species Almanac (Campobasso; compiled from Sumerian/Sitchin tradition, no specific contactee): specifies 450,000 years ago, gold needed to mend Nibiru's atmosphere
• Russian Alien Races Book (claimed Soviet intelligence provenance, unverified): records Anunnaki from Nibiru, genetically engineered humans as slaves

Elena Danaan, interviewed by Michael Salla on Exopolitics Today, further states that gold "was abundant" on Earth. In a separate Exopolitics Today interview, Salla (summarising the Danaan framework) describes Enlil as military commander of the expedition, in charge of the space fleets controlling Anunnaki colonies on Earth, Mars, and elsewhere in the solar system. The Anunnaki brought their own workers for the mining operations, but those workers rebelled and left; Enlil then proposed using the early humans already present on Earth, as Danaan recounted to Salla.

The primary mining zone was Southern Africa. Researcher Michael Tellinger, interviewed by Michael Salla on Exopolitics Today, has documented over ten million stone circle ruins in the region he identifies as the physical remnant of this ancient mining complex, and argues that virtually every active gold mine in South Africa is a reopened ancient tunnel. Among the sites Tellinger identifies is Adam's Calendar, a stone circle complex in Mpumalanga known in Zulu tradition as Inzalo ye Langa ("birthplace of the Sun") — a name he interprets as marking where the Anunnaki created humanity to serve in the mines. The Lion Cavern in Mpumalanga — the world's oldest known mine in mainstream archaeology, assessed at over 100,000 years old — is among the physical sites Tellinger cites in support of this framework.

The Extraterrestrial Species Almanac (Campobasso; compiled from Sumerian/Sitchin tradition) specifies that the gold was needed to repair Nibiru's fragile atmosphere: they "transformed the gold into a liquid light modification and blanketed it around their atmosphere to shield the harmful sunlight." A Gift from the Stars (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon) confirms the slave-mining framework, stating the Anunnaki "genetically engineered a large group of human specimens to a diminished level of consciousness in order to have a race of slaves to mine mainly the gold" — also recorded in the Russian Alien Races Book (claimed Soviet intelligence provenance, unverified), which summarises that they "genetically engineered humans as slaves."

The Extraterrestrial Species Almanac (Campobasso; compiled from Sumerian/Sitchin tradition, no specific contactee) notes that Anunnaki society operates on a service-to-self orientation, and that "the Draconians and Anunnaki are said to vie for the dominion of Earth. Or are the Draconians and Anunnaki one and the same?" — reflecting an unresolved question in the broader contactee literature about the degree of Reptilian integration within the Anunnaki power structure. The same source reports that some ET enthusiasts say the Anunnaki "have finally come to terms with the errors of their ways and are making every effort to correct their karma" — a claim that parallels Danaan's narrative of Enki's return and transfer of sovereignty.

Ship descriptions diverge across compilations:

• A Gift from the Stars (sourced from Thor Han Eredyon): Anunnaki ships have "a 'T' shape."
• The Extraterrestrial Species Almanac (Campobasso; compiled from Sumerian/Sitchin tradition): "great spacers — motherships designed with multiple cities, replicas of their past civilizations," with fleet craft shaped as two half-domes forming an oval that navigate using organic feelers to sense "resonance octave" vibrations, propelling the ship through "old secret hyperspace corridors created by their ancestors" for instant teleportation — preferring to "travel incognito to avoid detection from hyperalert Galacterian Alignment eyes."

This framework was first systematised in print by Zecharia Sitchin in The 12th Planet (1976), which drew on Sitchin's translations of cuneiform tablets to argue that the Anunnaki came to Earth roughly 450,000 years ago to mine gold, and that early humanity was engineered as a slave workforce. Academic Assyriology rejects Sitchin's translations as unsupported by the scholarly consensus on Sumerian and Akkadian grammar.

Creation of humanity

When the Anunnaki expedition arrived, they found early humans already present — themselves the product of earlier genetic seeding by the Intergalactic Confederation (the "Seeders" or "Cedars"). Enlil ordered his half-brother Enki — a master geneticist — to accelerate the development of a compliant human worker, bypassing the natural laws of evolution through rapid hybridisation of the existing early humans with Anunnaki DNA. The Anunnaki's original mining workforce was their own subordinate class, the Igigi — analogous to "angels" in rank relative to the senior Anunnaki — who had been working the mines for approximately 250,000 years. The Igigi eventually rebelled, descending from Mars to encircle the Anunnaki command camp in Africa in a threatened coup; Enki's solution was to engineer a replacement workforce from the existing hominid population, producing the first humans. The first created worker race — the "Lu" in Tellinger's synthesis — was cloned rather than sexually reproductive, designed to understand consequence and follow complex instructions while not questioning its circumstances.

The critical step in producing the first viable modern human was taken by Ninhursag, Enki's half-sister, who extracted an egg from a hominid female, removed and replaced the genetic material with an Anunnaki essence, and carried the resulting embryo to term in her own womb — a process equivalent to in vitro fertilisation. A Sumerian cylinder seal in the British Museum depicts Ninhursag holding the newborn with the words "my hands have created it."

Enki, on examining the early humans, discovered they contained intergalactic DNA from multiple seeder civilisations and concluded they were not destined to be slaves. He expanded his human genetic project to create an "Adam prototype" — a superior, large-statured body capable of hosting Anunnaki star seeds and sustaining greatly extended lifespans. Anunnaki who chose to inhabit these Adam bodies became known as "god kings" and ruled directly over the human workers; a hybrid demigod class acted as intermediaries and could live up to a thousand years, as documented in the Sumerian King List and Hebrew Bible records. Enki is also credited with encoding all the knowledge of the universe — preserved in what Sumerian sources call the Me tablets — into the DNA of his created humans.

The Enlil–Enki conflict

The fundamental division within the Anunnaki was between Enlil, who wanted to exploit humanity as a controlled slave class and build a personal empire from Earth, and Enki, who sought to protect and elevate his genetic creation. This split is reflected across world mythology: Enlil corresponds to Zeus / Jupiter (the thunder god and master of the sky) and to Yahweh in the Abrahamic tradition; Enki corresponds to Poseidon / Neptune (the sea god and protector of Atlantis). The struggle between Osiris and Seth in Egyptian mythology, and between Loki and Thor in Norse tradition, are identified as parallel echoes of the same Anunnaki factional war.

The Sumerian King List records a progression from god kings with reigns of tens of thousands of years, through hybrid demigod kings with shorter reigns, to fully human kings with normal lifespans — a sequence reflecting the Anunnaki gradual withdrawal from direct rule. Ancient Egypt is identified as an Anunnaki colony, its early pharaonic tradition — particularly the Zep Tepi ("first time") period and the Pyramid Texts of Unas — independently paralleling the Sumerian records of divine rulership followed by hybrid kings followed by human rulers.

Atlantis and the Great Flood

According to Danaan, Enki established a residence on the Atlantean continent before the Altan Cedars founded their Atla colony there; his link to that land is preserved in the mythological identification of Enki with Poseidon as the patron of Atlantis. An Enlil-aligned faction allied with arriving Draco reptilians and, using the strategy of internal infiltration, destabilised Atlantis from within by mounting the outer colonies against the Atlantean citadel — a technique described as collapsing a society through manufactured internal division.

The rapid technological rise of human civilisations — including Atlantis — challenged Enlil's control policy. Enlil is credited with orchestrating the Great Flood — the "reboot" — while Enki, opposed to the destruction of his creation, made plans to preserve the humans he had uplifted. Following the Flood (c. 9600 BC), the conflict between the Enki and Enlil factions concluded with Enki's defeat and departure from the solar system. Twelve Anunnaki scientists aligned with Enki chose to enter stasis chambers hidden around Earth (the "Sleeping Giants"), waiting for Enki's return or for humanity to recover to Atlantean-level development. Among the sleeping figures was Ningishzida, overseer of the Tree of Life.

Post-flood influence and bloodline dynasties

After the Great Flood, Enlil's faction remained on Earth. Through selective hybridisation with human ruling classes and the establishment of organised religious systems centred on a single controlling deity (Yahweh / Enlil), this faction maintained influence over humanity's political and spiritual development. Marduk (son of Enki) and other Anunnaki took on the roles of local deities — Marduk identified with Satan, and a son of Enlil identified with Allah — in a pattern of gods "swapping" between different human religious traditions.

Saturn's position in the solar system was held as an Anunnaki strategic asset under Marduk's custody; Earth remained under Enlil's control as part of a broader territorial deal that included the Draco reptilians reptilian alliance. Royal bloodlines on Earth — identified with the post-Flood patriarchal dynasties and later European royal houses — are described as carrying Anunnaki hybrid genetics, and as using those genetics to maintain access to long lifespans.

Return of Enki and current status

According to Danaan, Enki returned to the solar system in September 2021, preceding the reported arrival of the Intergalactic Confederation in October 2021. His return was enabled by the expulsion of the Draco reptilians from the solar system — an event made possible by the combined operations of the Galactic Federation of Worlds, the Andromedan Council, and the Earth Alliance. With Enlil arrested and the Draco reptilians expelled, Enki became heir to the Anunnaki Empire in the solar system and subsequently transferred custody of both Earth and Saturn to the Earth Alliance.

Enki reportedly passed the blueprint for the original Adam DNA — described as "the holy grail of extended life and optimal health" — to the Earth Alliance, allegedly enabling the mass production of holographic healing technologies. Seeds from the Tree of Life were also transferred to the Earth Alliance; they were temporarily diverted to England under King Charles III before being recovered and taken to the ancient Sumerian city of Nippur to activate a newly discovered sleeping giant. Enki continues to have regular contact with Elena Danaan aboard his vessel, the Nabu, providing intelligence on Earth and galactic affairs.

Minority view: Anunnaki as cover for other NHIBs

A minority position within alternative research holds that the Anunnaki narrative — while representing genuine encounters with non-human intelligent beings — is a composite cover story (deliberately or inadvertently) for events involving entirely different groups of NHIBs. In this reading, Sumerian scribes accurately recorded their encounters, but the beings they collectively called Anunna ("those who came from heaven to earth") were not a single coherent civilisation but rather a mixture of distinct extraterrestrial factions — including reptilian forces, Lyran-derived colonists, and possibly earlier cryptoterrestrial populations — whose separate agendas were collapsed into a single pantheon by later scribal tradition. The hybridisation account given by Elena Danaan — in which a conflict in the Sirius B system was resolved by hybridising tall gray humans with another group to create a new race — is sometimes cited in support of this composite-origin view.

Discovery and exposure

The modern alternative interpretation of the Anunnaki as a physical extraterrestrial species — rather than metaphorical or symbolic divine figures — entered public discourse primarily through Zecharia Sitchin's The 12th Planet (1976), which treated the Sumerian cuneiform texts as literal accounts of alien intervention. Sitchin's framework was popularised through his subsequent Earth Chronicles series and influenced a generation of alternative researchers including William Bramley (Gods of Eden, 1990), Erich von Däniken (Chariots of the Gods, 1968), and Michael Tellinger (Slave Species of the Gods, 2006). The Anunnaki narrative was further developed in modern contact-and-disclosure literature by Elena Danaan from 2021 onward, drawing on her claimed direct meetings with Enki aboard his vessel and on her books including A Gift from the Stars (2020) and The Seeders (2022). The Anunnaki framework also informs the research of translator and author Anton Parks, whose Sumerian studies led to the conclusion that Enki and Enlil were not brothers but that Enlil was Enki's clone who became autonomous.

Adam DNA blueprint and Andromedan corroboration

Alex Collier, whose information comes from the Andromedan Council — a separate extraterrestrial group that provides an independent outside perspective on both the Galactic Federation of Worlds and the Anunnaki — stated that the gift of the original Adam DNA blueprint represents a genuine intervention, though its full consequences remain uncertain. Collier's Andromedan contacts could not determine how much irreversible chemical damage had been done to human DNA through contaminated water, air, food, sound frequencies, and pharmaceuticals; the technology-based restoration approach may be necessary precisely because humanity may not have sufficient time to evolve spiritually to reclaim full DNA functionality before the coming galactic-scale shift. Restoring the original Adam prototype DNA could add hundreds of years to human lifespans, buying time for continued spiritual development.

Danaan records Enki's own words on the gift: "I brought back the Grail, Elena. The original DNA sequence... the chalice of the original unspoiled Terra human lineage, the unaltered original genetic sequence. There are more strands in the Terra human genome that need to be reactivated and the original sequence key will do this when transferred onto the altered pattern. DNA is a currency for it carries the formulas required to replicate other forms of intelligence throughout the universe."

Dark faction and Earth exploitation

Alex Collier, whose Andromedan contacts provided him intelligence on Anunnaki operations, identifies a distinct dark element within the Anunnaki who worked alongside the Draco and other Reptilian groups during the period of Earth exploitation — and who worked not for Enki but for other Anunnaki factions aligned with Enlil and the Draco reptilians empire. This dark Anunnaki faction performed "the dirty work" in operations that included human trafficking, underground facility operations, and extracting biological material from humans.

Collier notes that the Anunnaki were surprised when souls began attaching to the Homo sapiens they created — a development not anticipated in the genetic engineering program because cloning technology, which had been in use for a very long time, does not reliably produce soul-bearing beings. The attachment of multi-dimensional souls to the human genome made humanity uniquely valuable: the extreme range of human emotion produces biological and chemical signatures that certain regressive groups used as a narcotic (loosh), and the soul's connection to higher-density soul groups gave humanity strategic significance in the broader galactic picture.

Elena Danaan in the same year described how the Anunnaki introduced the Rh-positive blood factor to make their reptilian genetics compatible with the existing human population during the hybridisation process — a necessary protein bridge because reptilian blood is not naturally compatible with human blood.

Marduk's continued presence

After the Anunnaki departed, Enki's son Marduk (also known as Ra) reportedly remained behind inside the Earth and has been one of the primary figures managing surface affairs. Collier places Enki's decision to create humanity in the context of a promise made by Anu: Enki was reportedly promised rulership of Earth as reward for his genetic engineering work, and when Anu reneged on that promise, the resulting dispute between Marduk and the Anunnaki command structure led to Enki's exile from the solar system. Per Collier, the Anunnaki engineering of humanity drew on 22 distinct extraterrestrial civilizations (Danaan identifies 24 genetic markers) as having contributed DNA to the Terran human genome, with fourth-density beings whose physical bodies slowed in Earth's frequency becoming direct genetic contributors by integrating with the local population.

The Apkallu, the Watchers, and the humanoid-giant reading

The Mesopotamian flood epic Atra-Hasis records the Igigi rebelling against their labour, prompting Enki to fashion humanity from clay and a slain god's blood to bear it in their place; civilization is then taught to humanity by the seven antediluvian sages, the Apkallu, the first of whom — the fish-cloaked Uanna/Oannes — emerged from the sea, as recorded by Berossus. In the synthesis that connects this record to the Book of Enoch, the Anunnaki and their subordinate Igigi are identified with the Watchers who descended and fathered the Nephilim giants; the Assyriologist Amar Annus independently traces the Enochian Watchers to an inversion of the Mesopotamian Apkallu. Zecharia Sitchin read the same descent into the biblical Nephilim, which he rendered "those who came down."

On this reading the Anunnaki — tall, imposing humanoids remembered in Elena Danaan's account as the Anak, "the ancient gods... tall humans with beautiful long white hair" — are counted among the humanoid giants, the worldwide family of oversized humanoid peoples to which the Nephilim and Rephaim also belong. Consistent with that identification, one of the Sleeping Giants later recovered in suspended animation — the figure reported in Florida — has been identified as the Anunnaki scientist Ningishzida awaiting the return of Enki.

Scholarly reception of the ancient-astronaut reading

Main article:

Ancient astronauts

The re-reading of the Anunnaki as extraterrestrials entered popular culture through Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods? (1968), which proposed that alien visitors inspired the origin stories of world religions, and was developed in detail by Zecharia Sitchin in The 12th Planet (1976). Sitchin claimed the Anunnaki came from the undiscovered planet Nibiru around 500,000 years ago to mine gold, and that they hybridized their species with Homo erectus via in vitro fertilization to create Homo sapiens as a slave population; he further claimed the Anunnaki were forced to orbit Earth when Antarctic glaciers melted and caused the Great Flood, that their bases had to be rebuilt, and that they taught humans agriculture afterward. According to historian Ronald H. Fritze, Sitchin attributed the pyramids and other monumental ancient-astronaut structures to the Anunnaki, and in The End of Days (2007) predicted their return possibly as early as 2012, keyed to the end of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar. Sitchin expanded the mythology in The Stairway to Heaven (1980) and The Wars of Gods and Men (1985). Mainstream historians have universally rejected Sitchin's writings as pseudoarchaeology, arguing that he appears to deliberately misrepresent Sumerian texts by quoting out of context, truncating quotations, and mistranslating Sumerian words to give them meanings at odds with the accepted grammar.

The conspiracy theorist David Icke, who popularised the reptilian conspiracy theory, identifies his reptilian overlords with the Anunnaki; his treatment is openly derivative of Sitchin and adapts that material to Icke's New Age and conspiratorial agenda, incorporating dragons, Dracula, draconian laws, and a posited Aryan master-race descended by blood from the Anunnaki. The ancient-astronaut Anunnaki framework has been further developed by Michael Tellinger (Slave Species of the Gods, 2006), William Bramley (Gods of Eden, 1990), Anton Parks, Billy Carson, Elena Danaan, and Alex Collier in the contactee-and-disclosure literature documented in the sections above.

See also

• Ancient Mesopotamian religion
• Dingir
• Elohim
• Eridu Genesis
• Epic of Gilgamesh
• Tuatha Dé Danann
• Twelve Olympians
• Humanoid giants
• Nephilim
• Watchers (ET interpretation)
• Apkallu
• Igigi
• Sleeping Giants
• List of non-human intelligent beings
• Lyran Wars

Notes

References

Citations

General and cited references

• Archi, Alfonso (1990), "The Names of the Primeval Gods", Orientalia, NOVA, 59 (2), Rome: Gregorian Biblical Press: 114–129, JSTOR 43075881 ＋
• Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, London: The British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6 ＋
• Brisch, Nicole (2016), "Anunna (Anunnaku, Anunnaki) (a group of gods)", Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, University of Pennsylvania Museum, archived from the original on 2019-09-03, retrieved 2013-06-19 ＋
• Coleman, J. A.; Davidson, George (2015), The Dictionary of Mythology: An A-Z of Themes, Legends, and Heroes, London: Arcturus Publishing Limited, ISBN 978-1-78404-478-7 ＋
• Collins, Billie Jean (2002), "Necromancy, Fertility and the Dark Earth: The Use of Ritual Pits in Hittite Cult", in Mirecki, Paul; Meyer, Marvin (eds.), Magic and Ritual in the Ancient World, Leiden: Brill, pp. 224–233, ISBN 90-04-10406-2 ＋
• Dalley, Stephanie (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-283589-0 ＋
• Edzard, D. O. (1965), "Mesopotamien. Die Mythologie der Sumerer und Akkader", Wörterbuch der Mythologie, I: 17–140 ＋
• Falkenstein, A. (1965), "Die Anunna in der sumerischen Überlieferung", Assyriological Studies (16): 127–140 ＋
• Fritze, Ronald H. (2009), Invented Knowledge: False History, Fake Science and Pseudo-Religions, London: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-430-4 ＋
• Fritze, Ronald H. (2016), Egyptomania: A History of Fascination, Obsession and Fantasy, London: Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-78023-639-1 ＋
• Katz, D. (2003), The Image of the Underworld in Sumerian Sources, Bethesda, MD: CDL Press ＋
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961), Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C., Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1047-6 ＋ {{citation}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963), The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-45238-7 ＋ {{citation}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, 33: 115–121, JSTOR 3642699 ＋
• Leick, Gwendolyn (1998) [1991], A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19811-9 ＋
• Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), The Babylonians: An Introduction, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-25315-2 ＋
• Levenda, Peter (2008), Stairway to Heaven: Chinese Alchemists, Jewish Kabbalists, and the Art of Spiritual Transformation, New York and London: Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-2850-9 ＋
• Lewis, Tyson; Kahn, Richard (2005), "The Reptoid Hypothesis: Utopian and Dystopian Representational Motifs in David Icke's Alien Conspiracy Theory", Utopian Studies, 16 (1): 45–74, JSTOR 20718709 ＋
• Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6 ＋
• Oshima, Takayoshi (2010), ""Damkianna Shall Not Bring Back Her Burden in the Future": A new Mythological Text of Marduk, Enlil and Damkianna", in Horowitz, Wayne; Gabbay, Uri; Vukosavokić, Filip (eds.), A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnick Westenholz, vol. 8, Madrid: Biblioteca del Próximo Oriente Antiguo, ISBN 978-84-00-09133-0 ＋
• Pritchard, James B., ed. (2010), The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-14726-0 ＋
• Puhvel, Jaan (1987), Comparative Mythology, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-3938-6 ＋
• Robertson, David G. (2016), UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism, Bloomsbury Advances in Religious Studies, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4742-5320-8 ＋
• Rogers, John H. (1998), "Origins of the Ancient Astronomical Constellations: I: The Mesopotamian Traditions", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 108 (1): 9–28, Bibcode:1998JBAA..108....9R ＋
• Van Scott, Miriam (1998), The Encyclopedia of Hell: A Comprehensive Survey of the Underworld, New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Griffin, ISBN 0-312-18574-X ＋
• Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer, New York: Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-090854-8 ＋